United Kingdom industrial revolution _ a shear MUI historical post

United Kingdom industrial revolution (1) spinning machine is born insane colonial pillage and the slave trade, to the United Kingdom brought huge monetary capital, thus contributing to the industrial revolution had accumulated financially prepared. From the 16th century to the 19th century, the United Kingdom continued for nearly three centuries of enclosure movement, as the industrial revolution provides a large number of cheap labour. Furthermore, the United Kingdom, on behalf of the past is to the King, borrowing to cover the financial operation of the Palace. 1694, the establishment of the National Bank of England, marks the transition from the King's debt to the national debt system from another channel to the industrial revolution has accumulated funds. United Kingdom Government strongly develop overseas colonies, positive protection tariff system for domestic businesses looking for overseas markets. At the same time, also from various channels to amass wealth, most of them are used for productive investment, by converting to the reproduction of capital. While France has put the funds are used to maintain costs vast armies and the Palace of pleasure, Spain is to exploit overseas trade of enormous wealth, used to purchase the goods abroad cheap, as a result of their market impact. The industrial revolution is to machine production instead of manual labor, is handmade workshop to a large machine factory. This leap is able to achieve, and manual workshop height development are closely related and, therefore, the workshop of handicraft height development is an indispensable technology industrial revolution. In addition, the United Kingdom to pursue more profit, but also to throw their enthusiasm to concern the development of production, thus stimulating the invention of the machine and the use of new science and technology. As early as the 15th century, the United Kingdom agro-industry of rural cottage is very common, initially mainly wool textile industry. This family of woollen handicrafts, and later as the gap between rich and poor farmers, and has changed. Many families also became a businessman for raw material processing of the wage earners. Thus, woolen cloth merchants are gradually separate cottage, it formed a wool textile handicraft workshops. This manual workshops have distributed and centralized in two forms. In the sixteenth century, the distributed manual factories dominated. With the enclosure movement and the loss of land for the growing number of farmers by the big businessmen, the founder of the centralized manual workshop has evolved to meet employment thousand more workers. To the 17th century, several hundred workers hired hand workshop is very popular. These handmade workshop and are not limited to, the wool textile industry, mining, metallurgy, manufacturing, papermaking, glass, steel and denitrification, beer, and other departments, have built up a great handmade workshop. United Kingdom workplace handicraft development, not only for the expansion of production scale, but also great for technical progress. United Kingdom manual workshop in progress in the area of production technology, and the European continent on a large number of craftsmen moved to close the relationship of the United Kingdom. In the late Middle Ages, France and the Netherlands and other countries in Nepal handicraft techniques, especially the silk industry technology, than the United Kingdom, have a lot of skilled craftsmen. But the ongoing religious war, forcing many Protestant skilled artisans fled to the United Kingdom. Late 16th and early 17th century, Spain repression, Teresa revolution, there is also a large number of artisans fled to the Netherlands, United Kingdom, from then on just settled down in the eastern part of the United Kingdom. At that time, the United Kingdom Queen Elizabeth allows these craftsmen settled in on condition that each outdoor to craftsmen must be responsible for cultivating a United Kingdom apprentices. These skilled craftsmen influx of United Kingdom, the United Kingdom for improvement and innovation of crafts technology, played a significant role in promoting and making some past United Kingdom new ever of the industry sector. United Kingdom in dyeing and weaving industry check box in the check box in the ceramics industry of sugar is developed with the contribution of missionaries to craftsmen. In the 17th century and later established and developed a variety of industrial sectors, cotton textile industry development was particularly quickly. The beginning of the 18th century, shipped to the United Kingdom of a million pound cotton only, however, with domestic and international market expansion, handmade workshop production has been unable to meet the needs of the market. Capitalists in pursuit of more and more profit, apart from increasing the workers to expand production scale, eager to reform production technologies to improve productivity. In 1733, the mechanic John · Kay invented shuttle. Kaj invention Shuttle, a weaving workers can do in the past two workers, so that efficiency increases doubled. Later, Kay's son was to be improved, invented the automatic of Nanjing, box up or down to use more convenient, weaving capacity more improved. Because weaving efficiency, a serious shortage of yarn. Because of the shortage of cotton, a spinning and weaving. This contradiction is a long time is not resolved, some cotton factory, and discontinuation due to yarn. Cotton prices rise, then spinning hard workers ' wages are increased. This is the case, for the pursuit of profit of capitalists, is intolerable. In order to address the shortage of cotton, the Government has also taken various measures. In 1761, the United Kingdom "art and industry awards Association" twice a reward for the invention of new spinning machine. 1764, Lancashire's James · Hargreaves invented the spinning Jenny. Janet spinning machine invented cotton textile technology on a giant leap for cotton production is increasing rapidly, and caused a series of changes in the textile industry and significant social impact. Because cotton yarn production costs decrease, so that the cloth with the lowering of prices, so that the cloth to increase demand, so you need more weavers. As Weaver wage growth with cotton and increasing demand, allows the original weavers of dealing with agriculture gradually abandon agriculture as Cleave wage income of wage-earners. At the same time, Jenny machine using the exclusion of the old spinning wheel, so those who can't afford the original Jane machine in the cottage industry of textile workers also abandon agriculture, to holdWith Jenny machine there to work, thus becoming the employment of workers. Spinning and weaving workers to give up land for agriculture the bribe, the little capitalists farmers unable to compete with large farms of capitalism, they gradually marginalized and went bankrupt, reduced to agriculture or industry Proles. Janet spinning machine while greatly improving cotton yields, but spun out of yarn not strong, thin and fragile. Since Jane machine driven Sha ingot growing, but requires hand to shake go spinning wheel, which makes it increasingly difficult for qualified manpower. So, we need quality and dynamic aspects to be improved. 1769, watchmaker, Richard · arklet invented hydraulic spinning machine. This machine with hydraulic drive installed on the machine with roller, rotating, spinning out of yarn quality is tough. Due to the large volume of hydraulic spinning machine, you must set the waterpower of the place can be used, therefore, it would not be like the old spinning wheel or Jenny machine that installs in the family, but must establish plant, concentrated production workers. This allows for the establishment of the factory system. 1771, arklet established the first cotton mill, the first use of main machine production factories. Hydraulic yarn spinning out, despite the strong but very rough. Therefore, you need to continue the technological innovations to improve the quality of cotton. 1779, workers musaymir · clone Brampton invented the Mule machine. Mule machine integrated Jenny spinning machine and the advantages of the hydraulic spinning, spinning out of cotton yarn is sturdy and precise. In addition, it also improves the efficiency of spinning, initially, the Mule machine driven thirty, and later as the machine spindle of improved gradually increased, to the late 18th century, has been able to bring 400 spinning machine spindles. Since the Mule machine invented and used later, concentrates on the production of the rapid increase in the spinning plant. A significant increase in cotton production, weaving thrown behind, thus, spinning and weaving between the emergence of new dislocations. In this case, there is an urgent need for improving loom. 1785, Reverend Edwin beament · Carter Wright invented with hydraulic driven loom. However, this machine is very dull, limited sales. Later, after Radcliffe, holok, et al. improved, only this loom, gradually becoming perfect extension. In 1803, Radcliffe has invented a whole machine, holok, also invented the iron loom. Improved automatic loom, manual weaving improves the efficiency of forty times. Cotton textile industry machine use and triggered a chain reaction of other industries, and soon in mining, metallurgy and other industrial sectors, is a production machine. As more and more industrial sector achieved the mechanization, a new topic in front of the people again, this is motivation. We all know, the water heated up and then expansion to steam. In fact, the reason people in very early on. About the second century BC, Alexander de rogero, recognizing the role of steam power. In his works in the record he used to manufacture a rotation using steam toys. · Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci tried designing a steam starting Cannon's drawings. However, for the purpose of the steam is used as a dynamic test, you are only starting from the modern times. France physicist nice · PA-front is the first experiment of steam power, he in 1680 in United Kingdom test successful first can heat energy is converted into mechanical energy in steam pump. However, the invention of the next and no practical use for industry. 1698 year United Kingdom people Toth Thomas · saiweili invented the use of steam power and the pumping machine, but not enough strong to withstand the pressure of large amounts of steam, often rupture. 1705 years, Smith · Thomas Newcomen in saiweili pumps be improved on the basis of the first true can be used as a power of steam pumps. Watt in Glasgow University as manufacturing and repair of scientific instruments, noting the reason why New Zealand branch Portal steam heat and waste a lot of time, because the cylinder has to produce steam and cold water and injected. 1765 in spring, Watt finally figure out how to solve the problem. In the install a quarantine condenser unit, steam is not in the cylinder cooling and solidification, but rather let steam through a valve and into a separate maintain cooling condenser, so you don't need to lower the temperature of the cylinder, it can continuously produce a vacuum. 1769 Watt, made the first steam engine. This year, Watts to invention, he separated condenser in the innovation process in New Zealand to the door of the steam engine in the first patent. But this steam still cannot overcome new can only for travel to the door of the steam engine movement flaws, could not make the steam engine can become working machine's original motivation. 1781, Watts developed a set of gear linkage, you can round the linear motion of the piston, into the rotation wheel, he won the second patent. Then, in order to further improve efficiency, increase of steam power, watt on the cylinder itself carried out analysis and research. In 1782, Watt-manufacture of a new appliance with double cylinders, and put the first assemble into one cylinder and double cylinder for the first time into the cylinder steam, replaced by low pressure steam or high pressure steam, he also made the first three patents. 1784, after again improved steam engine, not only to apply to all kinds of mechanical movement, but also adds an automatic adjustment of the steam engine rate of the appliance. 1785, a Watt steam engine of the spinning factory built. Soon, the steam engine in cotton spinningTextile industry, wool textile industry, mining industry, metallurgy industry, paper industry, printing, ceramics and other industrial sectors, has been widely used. Watt's steam engine, addresses the industrial development of motivation. From then on, as long as there are coal as a fuel, it is possible to switch on the steam engine. And, the factory is built up as required, and no longer subject to the restrictions of river water. Marx said: "the great genius of watt in 1784, he acquired the specification of a patent, he didn't put his steam engine is a special-purpose of the invention, but rather treat it as a big industrial universal application engine. " Steam engine was invented the mechanized production breaks down barriers to natural conditions, is mankind's society enters the mechanization of the sign of the times, which greatly accelerates the process of the industrial revolution. The extensive use of the steam engine, there was invent and use machines, led to the industrial revolution and spectacular launch. United Kingdom established a large factories everywhere, those lofty chimney emitting smoke rings, mammoth powerhouse rumbling ROAR, broke the original medieval idyllic life in peace. As a sign that the historical threshold of a new era, humanity society from here into the steam era. Coal is the modern industrial food for thought, if there is no coal, no big machine industry, there is no industrial revolution. Because the United Kingdom coal reserves are very rich, so we support the United Kingdom the vigorous development of the industrial revolution. In the middle ages, as a result of burning coal to air pollution, the feudal rulers severely prohibited coal mining. However, due to the rise of the industrial revolution, the United Kingdom for the coal demand expansion, the rapid development of the coal industry. 1846, the United Kingdom coal production has reached 4 million tonnes, as the European and the world's largest coal-producing countries. With industrial production machinery production gradually replaces manual, traditional handicraft workshops will not be able to meet the needs of machine production, in order to better management of production, improve efficiency, the capitalists start of construction of buildings, machinery, employment of workers concentrated production, so that a new organizational form of production factories appeared. The factory has become the industrial production of the most important organizational forms, play an increasingly important role. In 1840, the United Kingdom great machine production has been basically replace the workshop of handicraft, machine manufacturing machine machinery manufacturing industry is established, the industrial revolution basically completed, United Kingdom to become the world's first industrial countries. The extensive use of the machine, simply change the face of the industry in technology, greatly improving labor productivity. The industrial revolution caused the development of productive forces, the United Kingdom has unprecedented prosperity.